Five reasons to continue avoiding the new SAT

When the redesigned SAT was rolled out this past March, most test-prep professionals that there would be a few bumps; however, there was also a general assumption that after the first few administrations of the new test, the College Board would regain its footing, the way it did in 2005, after the last major change. Unfortunately, that does not appear to be happening. If anything, the problems appear to be growing worse. If youve been following my recent posts, much of this will familiar. That said, I think its worth summing up some of the most important practical concerns about the new test in a single post. 1) Test security The redesigned SAT has been plagued by security problems since its first administration in March 2016. The College Board has long recycled tests, re-administering exams internationally after they have been given in the United States, a practice that has continued with the new exam and that has  created numerous opportunities for cheating. Predictably, problems appeared as soon as the new test was introduced: on March 28th, Reuters broke a story detailing the College Boards decision to administer the exam even after it was revealed that it had already been compromised in Asia.   Disturbingly, this seems to be turning into a pattern. On July 25th, Reuters also reported that hundreds of questions intended for the October 2016 exam had been leaked, raising serious questions about the College Board’s ability to keep tests secure and the testing process fair.   2) Test validity As soon as the College Board released the new Official Guide in June 2015, tutors and other test-prep professionals began commenting on the greatly diminished quality of the questions on the new SAT. After a long silence about just who would be writing the new exam, a College Board representative finally  confirmed (via Twitter!) that the SAT would no longer be written by ETS, as it had been since the 1940s, but rather by the College Board itself. That meant the most experienced ETS psychometricians would no longer be doing quality control.  Ã‚   In June, Manuel Alfaro, a former College Board director of test development posted a series of tell-all reports on LinkedIn, detailing the shockingly disorganized process by which questions were created and vetted. Among his revelations: questions were being revised after field-testing (meaning that substantially altered questions were effectively being tested out on the actual exam); one test advisory committee member wrote a scathing, 11-page letter stating that the test items were â€Å"the worst he had ever seen;† and David Coleman repeatedly ignored pleas from College Board employees concerned about the quality of the items. The assertion that there is a severe shortage  acceptable test items is borne out by the fact that some students who took the June SAT received exams identical to the March test. Let me reiterate that: some students retook the exact same test only two months after they first sat for it. The College Board has clumsily tried to get around this problem by barring tutors from non-released exams, and by demanding that students not  discuss specific questions publicly. There is nothing to suggest this problem is going away anytime soon. Assuming the College Board elects not to include the compromised items on the October test (which may or may not be a reasonable assumption), where will they obtain a sufficient number of valid replacement items in time? Will the same exam again be given multiple times in the same year? 3) Score delays Traditionally, SAT scores have become available around two-and-a-half weeks after test administrations. This year so far, students have had to wait up to two months for their scores. The College Board has not yet publicized  score- release dates for 2016-2017, so it is unclear whether these delays will continue.   In addition, the College Board has traditionally released the October, January, and May tests through the Question and Answer Service (QAS). Typically, these exams are made public approximately six weeks after the test is administered. This year, however, two of the  exams administered in May  projected to be released at the end of the August,  reportedly because a problematic question needed to be replaced  Ã‚  an unprecedented occurrence.  (According to a College Board official, theyre still figuring out the meta-data. Whatever that means.)   If October scores are delayed because of the security breach, or if some of the items need to be replaced, it is reasonable to  expect another long wait for that test. 4) Lack of authentic practice exams Old SAT: 10 tests in the Official Guide, plus several additional official practice tests released by the College Board. ACT: Five tests in the previous edition of the Official Guide, plus two entirely new tests in the updated edition. There are also several additional official practice  tests floating around the web.   New SAT: Four tests in the Official Guide. The  May exam, which normally would have been released mid-June, is  still unavailable as of mid-August.   It was originally reported that the College Board/Khan Academy would be releasing an additional four tests last fall, but that plan was tacitly shelved at some point.   So yes, there is ample practice material  on Khan Academy, but there is no substitute for using authentic, full-length practice tests, to figure out test-taking issues such as pacing and endurance. 5) Inconsistent and distorted scaling/scoring, and unhelpful score reports In the past, all of the students taking the SAT in the United States received the same test, although different tests presented the nine multiple-choice sections in different orders to hinder cheating. The new SAT always presents the four sections in the same order, so different students are now given entirely different tests. Because different tests are scaled differently, students who answer the same number of questions correctly may receive different scores. Although students will still have a general idea of how many questions they need to answer correctly in order to achieve their goals, this does make it more difficult to plan strategically. In addition, percentiles were formerly calculated based only on the scores obtained by all of the students taking the SAT. Now, however, the College Board has also created a â€Å"National Percentile† category, which compares actual test-takers to all students nationally, even ones who did not take the test. As a result, performance is inflated. Although the College Board has released concordance scales between the old SAT and the new SAT, and between the new SAT and the ACT, it remains unclear how reliable/accurate these scales are, or how colleges will view them. The ACT has also taken the College Board to task, questioning the validity of the SAT-ACT concordance table. Prior to March 2016, SAT score reports included commonsense, helpful information such as the number of questions answered correctly and incorrectly on each section.   Now, however, SAT score reports consist primarily of edu-jargon that many  students are likely to have difficulty interpreting (e.g. â€Å"Make connections between algebraic, graphical, tabular, and verbal representations of linear functions†), making it difficult for students as well as tutors to understand where and why points are being lost, and what specific steps are required for improvement.

Expert Witness in law court Term Paper - 2475 Words

Expert Witness in law court (Term Paper Sample) Content: Question: Assignment extract:Critically discuss whether it is important for an expert witness tostate the evidence that he/she relied upon in providing an opinion incourt, and also whether the expert witness needs to identify factorsthat may affect the reliability of this opinion. Include in yourdiscussion the requirement of the expert witness to be impartial andthe importance of the correct expression of forensic findings by theexpert witness so that a lay jury can understand the opinionpresentedExpert Witness in law courtNameCourseTutorDate Introduction An expert witness sometimes referred to as professional witness or judicial expert is a court witness who by virtue of his education, skills, experience or training is believed to have the knowledge and skills in a certain field more than any ordinary person. His expertise is sufficient in that others may legally rely upon him in giving a witnesss specialized opinion about a particular fact issue or evidence in his field. Moreover, these experts witness can also give expert evidence whenever necessary about a fact issue within the domain of their expertise. In most cases, the constitution law that government many nations have a provision that a witness having a particular knowledge in a particular field can be called upon to provide his/her own opinion in an area being examined by the court. The witness is called by the court to elaborate on that particular area to enable the jury to come up with a credible judgment over a certain case. Therefore, the major role of expert witness in English law is to provide a detailed explanation to the court on difficult and technical issues in both civil and criminal cases to assist in fact finding process (Lawrence Munby 2011:8). This paper critically examines the issue of expert witness; it discusses the importance of an expert witness in stating the evidence he based on in giving out his opinion on the case available. It shows the need of the exp ert witness to state the factors that may limit the reliability of his opinion. Furthermore, the paper will discuss the requirements of the experts witness to be impartial in giving his opinion and the importance of expressing the correct forensic findings to enable the jury court to understand the opinion. The use of expert witness in court was first encountered in 1782 during the hearing of the case relating to the setting up of Wells harbor in Norfolk where the jury accepted evidence from a civil engineer John Smeaton to clarify or explain some issues related to the case to enable the judges to make the correct judgment. This case was the root of the expert witness law and it was included in the English law. However, it was an unusual feature in the court cases until the year 1953 in Davie Vs Magistrates of Edinburgh case of 1953 and was included in the Scots law. (Lawrence Munby 2011: 57) Today, the tribunals have assigned expert witness many duties and responsibilities, the rol es of the expert witnesses have expanded though, they have been restricted to circumstances where the experts are unavoidable. The field of scientific skills and knowledge has continued to expand due the advent of forensic evidence hence such instances are now common in the law courts. The common areas where experts witnesses are needed in courts to offer their opinions are; DNA genetic examination, fingerprinting identification, blood type tests, ballistics, blood-alcohol calculation levels etc (Lawrence Munby 2011:24). These are the common areas in serious criminal cases. In civil cases, we have the accidents analysis, forensic engineers and forensic accountants. These areas need qualified experts who have all the sufficient information to examine a certain situation and explain the facts to the jury judges to reach on their decision. These areas are least controversial because the experts base their testimony on scientific facts, which are generally accepted since other experts can again reproduce them if there is a suspicion that there were some sort of fraudulent activities in the examination of the evidence. Therefore, any opinion presented by any expert that base its facts on the scientific facts is widely admissible by the court and the judges can rely on it when making the final judgment of a particular case.Guidelines to the jury in accepting experts testimony In accepting the scientific expert witness testimony, we have what we call the Daubert standard. This is a rule of evidence regarding the admissibility of the scientific expert witness testimony. This rule of evidence is applied in American federal legal proceedings. Seven members of the court agreed on certain guidelines in admitting the scientific expert witness testimony. First, they agreed that the judge should be a gatekeeper (Redmayne 2001:32). This implies that the judges have the duty of ensuring that the testimony given by the expert witness truly proceeds from scientific knowledge. T hus, this responsibility rests on the judges, through their experience or knowledge they should be in a position to determine if the testimony complies with this rule. Secondly, we have relevance and reliability. This guideline requires that the jury has to ensure that the experts testimony is quite relevant to the task or rests on the reliable foundation (Redmayne 2001:17). The judges must find it more likely from their deduction than just looking on the methods used by the expert are assuming that he must have used the correct methods. Thirdly, the judges should be in a position to ascertain whether the expert used the scientific knowledge i.e. if he has applied properly the scientific methodology in analyzing the situation before giving his opinion or testimony. The last guideline is the examination of the factors relevant in giving out his testimony. We have some factors the judges can easily examine to determine whether what the expert is proposing is correct or not (Redmayne 2001:17). These factors include the empirical testing whether the theory is falsifiable, whether the testimony has been subjected to peer review, whether there is the existence of the standards and control of the of its operation. Moreover, the degree to which the theory and technique is generally accepted by the relevant scientific community.Importance of stating the forensic evidence An expert witness is required to state clearly the evidence he based on his opinion. Many benefits or importances accrue to him and to the jury court why he should do so. The first importance why the expert witness should state the evidence is to help the jury to prove his independence (Horton Mercer 2007: 2). The independence of an expert when forming his opinion on a particular issue is considered greatly important by the court. When the court beliefs and proves that the opinion was formed independently without the undue influence from any other party, then the evidence would be accepted as credible ones. Therefore, when an expert states his evidence in court and forms an opinion independently, he would be complying with the rules that govern the expert witness process. Secondly, the importance of stating the evidence in court is seeking admissibility by the court. This means that when one states the evidences clearly and truthfully, the opinion stated by the expert would be accepted by the court (Horton Mercer 2007: 2). A part from being qualified as an expert admissible by the court, the expert should also prove this by stating clear evidence to before the jury for his opinion to be admissible. This means that experts witnesses are required to strive as much as possible to state tangible evidence that satisfy the judges for their opinion arrived on to be admissible. Another importance of stating the evidence in court is that experts have a privilege of disclosing all the materials used in preparing the opinion (Tate, Johnson Kim, n. d: 3). In the law, there is a provision wh ich respect the materials compiled by expert to be presented to the jury and the opposing party. Therefore, when the opposing party tends to argue very much about a particular issue, the expert has a right to disclose these materials even if they seem to be demeaning to the opposing party. The expert would not be sued in court for disclosure of such materials. Thus, the expert uses this privilege to defend himself fully beyond any doubt. When the expert states the evidence in the court, they would be used by the court to test the relevance of the issue (Horton Mercer 2007: 3). The judges would look at the evidence listen to the explanation of the expert and make a wise conclusion that will enhance an impartial judgment. In most cases, the judges are not well versed with some knowledge in various technical field, they find it hard to just make a judgment when a certain issue is presented to them. Thus, when the expert in this field is called to explain to them the facts about the i ssue, they now get the really picture on how things ought to be and end up making the correct judgment. So it is very much important for an expert witness to give the evidence he based his opinion to the court. Moreover, when an expert presents to the court the evidence he used to make his opinion, he increases the reliability of opinion (Tate, Johnson Kim, n. d: 3). There is no doubt that well stated and true evidence provided by the expert in court would be accepted in court. When the evidences are reliable, it means that the judges can depend upon them as a basis of making their own final decision. This means that it is important for an expert witness to provide true evidence that can be proved by other similar experts for his opinion to be relied upon by the court. Reliability f the opinion would help in correct judgment.How an expert witness can ensure impartiality For...